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Islamic literature is literature written with an Islamic perspective, in any language. The best known fiction from the Islamic world is ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights'' (''Arabian Nights''), a compilation of many earlier folk tales set in a frame story of being told serially by the Persian Queen Scheherazade. The compilation took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another.〔John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Arabian fantasy", p. 51, ISBN 0-312-19869-8〕 All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in any version of ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights'', and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights" despite existing in no Arabic manuscript.〔 This compilation has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland.〔L. Sprague de Camp, ''Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy'', p 10 ISBN 0-87054-076-9〕 Many imitations were written, especially in France.〔John Grant and John Clute, ''The Encyclopedia of Fantasy'', "Arabian fantasy", p 52 ISBN 0-312-19869-8 fantasy world having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc. When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements, he included the genie as well as the dwarf and the fairy as stereotypes to go.〕〔James Thurber, "The Wizard of Chitenango", p 64 ''Fantasists on Fantasy'' edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ISBN 0-380-86553-X〕 Ferdowsi's ''Shahnameh'', the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. ''Amir Arsalan'' was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as ''The Heroic Legend of Arslan''. Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel, ''Hayy ibn Yaqdhan'' (''Philosophus Autodidactus'' (Self-Taught Philosopher"'' )), as a response to al-Ghazali's ''The Incoherence of the Philosophers''. Ibn al-Nafis then wrote his novel ''Theologus Autodidactus'' (Self-Taught Theologian"'' ) as a response to Ibn Tufail's. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' and Kamil in ''Theologus Autodidactus'') who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island; these are the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story, Kamil's story extends beyond the desert island setting, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.〔Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. (Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher ), ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').〕〔Nahyan A. G. Famy astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.〕〔Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", ''Symposium on Ibn al Nafis'', Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. (Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher ), ''Encyclopedia of Islamic World'').〕 A Latin translation of ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write ''Robinson Crusoe'', regarded as the first novel in English.〔Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), ''Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature'', Al-Rashid House for Publication.〕〔Cyril Glasse (2001), ''New Encyclopedia of Islam'', p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.〕〔Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion & Health'' 43 (4): 357–377 ().〕〔Martin Wainwright, (Desert island scripts ), ''The Guardian'', 22 March 2003.〕 ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, ''The Aspiring Naturalist''.〔G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 222, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820291-1.〕 The story also anticipated Rousseau's ''Emile'' in some ways, and resembles Mowgli's story in Kipling's ''The Jungle Book'' and Edgar Rice Burroughs's Tarzan in that a baby is abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother wolf.〔(Latinized Names of Muslim Scholars ), FSTC.〕 Dante Alighieri's ''Divine Comedy'', considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the ''Hadith'' and the ''Kitab al-Miraj'' (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before〔I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in ''Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet'', Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection ''Lettres Gothiques'', Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.〕 as ''Liber Scale Machometi'', "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's ''The Battle of Alcazar'' and Shakespeare's ''The Merchant of Venice'', ''Titus Andronicus'', and ''Othello'', whose title character is a Moor. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.〔Professor Nabil Matar (April 2004), ''Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Stage Moor'', Sam Wanamaker Fellowship Lecture, Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre (cf. Mayor of London (2006), (Muslims in London ), pp. 14–15, Greater London Authority)〕 For the literature of some predominantly Islamic cultures, see: *Arabic literature * *Arabic epic literature *Indonesian literature * *Javanese literature *Iranian literature * *Kurdish literature * *Persian literature *Somali literature *South Asian literature * *Bengali literature * *Gujarati literature * *Kashmiri literature * *Pakistani literature * *Pashto literature * *Persian literature * *Punjabi literature * *Sindhi literature * *Urdu literature *Turkic literature * *Azerbaijani literature * *Turkish literature ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islamic literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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